Post Soviet politics 1996 study

POLITICAL SCIENCE 596D SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET POLITICS Spring, 1996                                                John P. Willerton Overview of the Course: During the past decade we have witnessed the wholesale transformation of the USSR, as Russia and fourteen other independent states emerged into a post-Soviet world. Seemingly every aspect of Soviet and Russian political reality is now subject to root and branch change. But the entire post-Stalin period entailed important changes in the Soviet system, as well as in the political regimes that governed it. Significant policy and doctrinal shifts since the 1950s paved the way for the dramatic developments underway during the Gorbachev and Yeltsin periods. Study of post-Stalinist and post-Soviet Russian politics requires a familiarity with the past system and norms as well as with contemporary dynamic developments. Change in the Soviet Union, broadly associated with the country's movement into the post-mobilizational phase of development, was but one important development in a society which has been evolving since the 1917 Revolution. Fundamental to post-Stalinist change was a shift in the bases of system and regime legitimacy, as increasing reliance was placed upon system performance. These changes represented the increased rationalization of Soviet politics if, by rationalization, one meant the enhanced focus on economic growth and the improved performance of the political system as overriding goals guiding the polity. The post-mobilizational Soviet society experienced the emergence of a bureaucratic system that required incremental progress toward stated collective goals. The "building of communism" assumed a more pragmatic meaning for political elites. In this setting, coercion no longer served as the exclusive means to assure programmatic success and legitimacy. System support and programmatic success increasingly required economic productivity. As a result, leadership effectiveness was increasingly determined on the basis of the fulfillment of directives. These post-Stalinist developments had important implications for the behavior of regimes, affecting the norms of elite recruitment and mobility, the processes of coalition building and government formation, and the content and direction of the evolving policy agenda. The policies of perestroika and glasnost' were natural consequences of these conditions, as the Gorbachev regime engaged in what proved to be a last futile effort to salvage the Leninist system. Reforms of the latter 1980s invigorated forces committed to the transformation of the polity and economy. Reforms took on an increasingly radical character by the early 1990s, with the 1991 demise of the USSR leading to the emergence of an increasingly diverse group of post-Soviet independent states. Every post-Soviet state can now be characterized as "in transition," though goals, strategies, and outcomes vary considerably. It becomes increasingly difficult to find common characterizations for this diverse group of states. The long- term significance of contemporary post-Soviet developments throughout the regions of the former USSR and Eastern Europe, however, only underscores the merit in studying Soviet politics and the Soviet-type political system. This course addresses these and related issues as participants are familiarized with the politics of the Soviet Union and Russia through intensive readings, presentations, and discussions. Participants should come away with an appreciation of the excitement, intricacies, and idiosyncracies of the politics of the Soviet and post-Soviet systems. Our consideration of the Western literature which has evolved since the 1950's will include an examination of methods of analysis in the Soviet/post-Soviet area. We will assign priority to theory and methods, but this is not meant to denigrate the importance of being familiar with the "vulgar factology" of the Soviet and Russian political past and present. While it is assumed that course participants have not had graduate courses in the Soviet and Russian studies area, it is likely that many of you have some knowledge of the Soviet Union and of the issues comprising the contemporary Russian policy agenda. Course participants may have examined the theories and methods of comparative politics, and this should prove beneficial. The substantive focus of the course is on the Soviet and post- Soviet political system, political elites, regime formation and coalition-building efforts, and the evolving policy agenda. A review of the antecedent society, its modernization, and the processes of revolution and societal transformation, will set the stage for our study of the contemporary period. We will examine political culture, ideology, political socialization and communication, and interest groups. Attention will be devoted to elite-mass linkages as we consider the evolution of both the Soviet-type system and the policy agenda which has guided it. We will consider institutional, elite, and policy changes in the post-1991 period, noting how these changes are affected by domestic and foreign influences. We will give attention to public opinion research as well as to elections and electoral studies. As we explore these substantive issues, we will see how the Western scholarly community has reacted and how our research foci, approaches, and methods have changed. I am very concerned that participants come away from this course with an appreciation of the challenges and opportunities linked with teaching and research in the Soviet and post-Soviet area. A major goal of this course is to enable participants to have a command of the literature and information sources necessary to teach courses with a Russian or Soviet component. I also want to introduce you to research issues involving the former Soviet republics. To this end I will present some of my own published and unpublished work for you to consider and critique. Course Requirements: Course participants' obligations include, (a) doing a lot of reading, (b) being prepared to discuss the issues raised in the readings at the time the readings are due, (c) preparing several in-class literature review presentations, (d) writing a research design and presenting it in class, and (e) taking a comprehensive exam which will consist of both written and oral parts. The relative value of the components comprising the course grade is 30% for participation and in-class presentations, 35% for the research design, and 35% for the comprehensive exam. Literature review presentations shall encompass both required and selected suggested readings, providing an overview for our class discussions. The finished research designs will be due at our last class meeting on Monday, April 29. They will be given attention throughout the term, and will be presented and critiqued during the final weeks of the semester. Please be aware that I will not be giving incompletes on this assignment or for the course overall. Given the limited number of course participants, I have not put together a coursepack of readings or ordered books in the ASUA and other bookstores. All of the required readings are to be on reserve in the Main Library. All additional, suggested readings should also be available in the Main Library. Students are encouraged to discuss their work with me. My office hours will be on Wednesdays, from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. My office is located in Room 316, Social Sciences Building. If you need to get in touch with me outside of my scheduled office hours, you may call me at 621-7606/621-7600, fax me at 621-7606, or send me an e-mail message at jpw@u.arizona.edu. Schedule of Topics and Readings for the Course I. Introduction and Course Overview (Week One) Consult the handout, Selected Periodicals Dealing with Soviet, Post-Soviet, Russian and East European Foreign and Domestic Politics. II. Studying the U.S.S.R. and the Soviet-Type System: Concepts, Methods, Limits (Week Two) Required: Bell, Daniel, Ten Theories in Search of Reality: The Prediction of Soviet Behavior, in Vernon V. Aspaturian, ed., Process and Power in Soviet Foreign Policy, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971, pp. 289-323. (First appeared in World       Politics, April 1958, pp. 315-353.) White, Stephen, What is a Communist System?,  Studies in        Comparative Communism, XVI, 4, Winter, 1983, pp. 247-263. LaPalombara, Joseph Monoliths or Plural Systems: Through Conceptual Lenses Darkly, Studies in Comparative Communism, VIII, 3, Autumn 1975, pp. 305-332. Hough, Jerry F., The Soviet Union and Social Science Theory, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977, Chs. 1 (first       published in Problems of Communism, March-April 1972) and 11. Mickiewicz, Ellen, Mark von Hagen, J. Arch Getty, and Carole Fink, Research, Ethics and the Marketplace: The Case of the Russian Archives, Discussion in Slavic Review, 52, 1, Spring 1993, pp. 87-106. Suggested: Brzezinski, The Soviet Political System:  Transformation or        Petrification,  Problems of Communism, 15, 1, January-February 1966.    Bunce and Echols,  From Soviet Studies to Comparative Politics, Soviet Studies, 31, 1, 1979. Fleron, ed., Communist Studies and the Social Sciences, 1969. Hill, Party-State Relations and Soviet Political Development, British Journal of Political Science, 10, 1980. Janos, Systemic Models and the Theory of Change in the Comparative Study of Communist Politics, in Janos, ed., Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe, 1976. Kautsky, Comparative Communism vs. Comparative Politics, Studies in Comparative Communism, Spring/Summer 1973. Meyer, USSR Incorporated,  Slavic Review, 20, 3, 1961. Meyer, The Comparative Study of Communist Political Systems, Slavic Review, XXVI, 1, March 1967. White, Communist Systems and the `Iron Law of Pluralism,' British Journal of Political Science, 8, 1, January 1978. III. The Antecedent Society, Modernization, Revolution, and Transformation (Week Three) Required: Fainsod, Merle, How Russia is Ruled, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953, Chs. 1-4.    Hough, Jerry F., How the Soviet Union is Governed, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979, Chs. 1-6    Millar, James R. and Alec Nove,  Was Stalin Really Necessary, Problems of Communism, 25, 4, July-August 1976, pp. 49-62. Suggested: Antonov-Ovseyenko, The Time of Stalin, 1981. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1951. Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party, 1959. Bauman, Twenty Years After: The Crisis of Soviet-type Systems, Problems of Communism, XX, 6, November-December 1971. Conquest, The Great Terror, 2nd ed., 1973. Dallin and Breslauer, Political Terror in Communist Systems, 1970.    Deutsch,  Social Mobilization and Political Development, American Political Science Review (APSR), 55, 3, September 1961.    Fainsod, Smolensk Under Soviet Rule, 1958. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, 1956.    Fitzpatrick, ed., Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931, 1978. Getty, Origins of the Great Purges, 1985. Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems, 1970. Kassof, The Administered Society:  Totalitarianism without Terror, World Politics, XVI, 4, July 1964. Kopstein, Ulbricht Embattled:  The Quest for Socialist Modernity in       the Light of New Sources,  Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 4, 1994. Medvedev, Let History Judge, Revised, 1989. Moore, Terror and Progress, USSR, 1954. Schapiro, The Origins of the Communist Autocracy, 2nd ed., 1977. Tucker, ed., Stalinism, 1977. Ulam, Stalin: The Man and the Era, 1973 and 1989. IV. The Soviet Political System (Week Four) Required: Hough, Jerry F., How the Soviet Union Is Governed, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979, Chs. 10-14.    Meyer, Alfred G.,  The Functions of Ideology in the Soviet Political System, Soviet Studies, XVII, 3, January 1966, pp. 273-285.    Jowitt, Kenneth,  An Organizational Approach to the Study of        Political Culture in Marxist-Leninist Systems,  American Political Science Review, 68, 3, September 1974, pp. 1171-1191 Hanson, Stephen E., Social Theory and the Post-Soviet Crisis: Sovietology and the Problem of Regime Identity, Communist and Post- Communist Studies, 28, 1, March 1995, pp. 119-30. Suggested: Armstrong, The Soviet Bureaucratic Elite: A Case Study of the Ukrainian Apparatus, 1959. Armstrong, Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union, 3rd ed., 1974. Avtorkhanov, The Communist Party Apparatus, 1966. Brown and Gray, eds., Political Culture and Political Change in       Communist States, 1979. Brown, ed., Political Culture and Communist Studies, 1985. Brzezinski, ed., Dilemmas of Change in Soviet Politics, 1969. Gitelman, Soviet Political Culture:  Insights from Jewish Emigres, Soviet Studies, XXIX, 4, October, 1977. Hammer, USSR: The Politics of Oligarchy, 1974 Hill and Frank, The Soviet Communist Party, 1986. Jones, Committee Decisionmaking in the USSR,  World Politics, 36, 2, 1984.    Jowitt,  Soviet Neotraditionalism:  The Political Corruption of a        Leninist System,  Soviet Studies, XXXV, 3, July 1983. LaPalombara, ed., Bureaucracy and Political Development, 1967. Lowenthal, The Ruling Class in a Mature Society,  in Mark G.        Field, ed., Consequences of Modernization in Communist Societies, 1976. Meyer, Leninism, 1957. Meyer, The Soviet Political System: An Interpretation, 1965. Mickiewicz, Soviet Political Schools, 1967. Rigby, Communist Party Membership in the USSR, 1917-1967, 1968. Rigby, Lenin's Government: Sovnarkhom 1917-1922, 1979. Scanlan, Marxism in the USSR, 1985. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 2nd ed., 1970. Tucker, The Soviet Political Mind, revised ed., 1971. Tucker, Culture, Political Culture and Communist Society, Political Studies Quarterly, June, 1973. White, Political Culture and Soviet Politics, 1979. White, Pravda, and Gitelman, eds., Developments in Soviet Politics, 1990. V. Soviet Political Elites (Week Five) Required: Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.    George W. Breslauer,  Political Succession and the Soviet Policy Agenda, Problems of Communism, XXIX, 3, May-June 1980. Roeder, Philip G., Do New Soviet Leaders Really Make a        Difference? Rethinking the `Succession Connection,' American Political Science Review, 79, 4, December 1985, pp. 958-976. Bunce, Valerie and Philip G. Roeder, The Effects of Leadership Succession in the Soviet Union, American Political Science Review, 80, 1, March 1986, pp. 215-224. Willerton, John P., Patronage and Politics in the USSR, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, Chapters 1-4 and 7.    Suggested: Breslauer, Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders: Building Authority in Soviet Politics, 1982. Breslauer, Is there a Generation Gap in the Soviet Political Establishment?, Soviet Studies, 36, 1, January, 1984. Bunce and Echols, Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era: `Pluralism' or Corporatism? in Donald D. Kelley, ed., Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era, 1980. Bunce, Do New Leaders Make A Difference?, 1981. Conquest, Power and Policy in the Soviet Union, 1961. D'Agostino, Soviet Succession Struggles, 1988. Farrell, ed., Political Leadership in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, 1970. Gleason, Fealty and Loyalty:  Informal Authority Structures in     Soviet Asia, Soviet Studies, 43, 4, 1991. Gustafson and Mann, Gorbachev's First Year:  Building Power and Authority, Problems of Communism, 35, 1986, pp. 1-19. Gustafson and Mann, Gorbachev's Gamble,  Problems of Communism, 36, 4, July-August 1987, pp. 1-20. Harasymiw, Nomenklatura:  The Soviet Communist Party's        Leadership Recruitment System,  Canadian Journal of Political Science, 2, 3, 1969. Harasymiw, Political Elite Recruitment in the USSR, 1984. Hauslohner, Prefects as Senators:  Soviet Regional Politicians Look to Foreign Policy, World Politics, XXXIII, 1, October 1980.    Hodnett,  Khrushchev and Party-State Control,  in Alexander Dallin and Allen Westin, eds., Politics in the Soviet Union, 1966.    Hodnett,  Succession Contingencies in the Soviet Union,  Problems of Communism, 24, 2, 1975. Hodnett, Leadership in the Soviet National Republics, 1977. Hough, The Soviet Prefects, 1969. Hough, The Soviet Leadership in Transition, 1980. Hough, Gorbachev Consolidating Power,  Problems of Communism, 36, 4, July-August 1987, pp. 21-43. Lane, Elites and Political Power in the USSR, 1988. Lewytzkyj, The Soviet Political Elite, 1970. Linden, Khrushchev and the Soviet Leadership, 1966. Lodge, Soviet Elite Attitudes Since Stalin, 1969. Moses, Regional Cohorts and Political Mobility in the USSR:  The Case of Dnepropetrovsk, Soviet Union, 3, 1, 1976. Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite, 1965. Odom, A Dissenting View on the Group Approach,  World Politics, 28, 2, July 1976. Ploss, Conflict and Decision-Making in Soviet Russia, 1965. Putnam, Studying Elite Political Culture,  APSR, LXV, 3, September 1971. Reisinger and Willerton, Elite Mobility in the Locales:  Toward a Modified Patronage Model, in David Lane, ed., Elites and Political Power in the USSR, 1988. Rigby, The Soviet Leadership:  Toward a Self-Stabilizing Oligarchy?, Soviet Studies, 22, 2, 1970. Rigby, A Conceptual Approach to Authority, Power and Policy in        the Soviet Union,  in T. H. Rigby, Archie Brown, and Peter Reddaway, eds., Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR, 1980, pp. 9-31. Rigby, Early Provincial Cliques and the Rise of Stalin,  Soviet Studies, XXXIII, 1, January 1981. Rigby and Harasymiw, eds., Leadership Selection and Patron-Client Relations in the USSR and Yugoslavia, 1983. Ross, Coalition Maintenance in the Soviet Union,  World Politics, XXXII, 2, January 1980. Rush, How Communist States Change Their Rulers, 1974. Rush, Political Succession in the USSR, 3rd ed., 1975. Rush, The Problem of Succession in Communist Regimes,  Journal of International Affairs, 32, 2, Fall/Winter, 1978. Shlapentokh, Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power, 1990. Skilling and Griffiths, eds., Interest Groups in Soviet Politics, 1971,       passim. Stewart, Political Power in the Soviet Union, 1968. Stewart et al., Political Mobility and the Soviet Political Process, American Political Science Review, LXVI, 4, December 1972. Taras, Leadership Change in Communist States, 1989. Tatu, Power in the Kremlin, 1968. Tatu, 19th Party Conference,  Problems of Communism, 37, 1988. Urban, Elite Stratification and Mobility in a Soviet Republic, in David Lane, ed., Elites and Political Power in the USSR, 1988.    Urban, Michael, An Algebra of Soviet Power, 1989. Willerton, Clientelism in the Soviet Union:  An Initial Examination, Studies in Comparative Communism, 12, 2-3, Summer/Autumn 1979. Willerton, John P., Patronage Networks and Coalition Building in        the Brezhnev Era,  Soviet Studies, XXXIX, 2, April 1987. VI. Decision Making and Issue Areas (Week Six) Required: Rutland, Peter, The politics of economic stagnation in the Soviet Union: The role of local party organs in economic management, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Goldschmidt, Paul, Legislation on Pornography in Russia, Europe-Asia Studies, 47, 6, September 1995, pp. 909-22. Suggested: Azrael, Management Power and Soviet Politics, 1966. Beisinger, Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline, and Soviet Power, 1988. Berliner, Factory and Manager in the USSR, 1957. Cocks, Rethinking the Organizational Weapon,  World Politics, 32, 2, 1980.    Cohen, Rabinowitch, and Sharlet, eds., The Soviet Union Since Stalin, 1980. Colton, The Party-Military Connection:  A Participatory Model, in Herspring and Volgyes, eds., Civil-Military Relations in       Communist Systems, 1978. Colton, Commissars, Commanders and Civilian Authority, 1979. Feshbach and Friendly, Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature Under Siege, 1992. Granick, The Red Executive, 1961. Gustafson, Reform in Soviet Politics, 1981. Gustafson, Crisis and Plenty, 1989. Hahn, The Politics of Soviet Agriculture, 1960-1970, 1972. Herspring and Volgyes, eds., Civil-Military Relations in       Communist Systems, 1978. Hoffmann and Laird, The Politics of Economic Modernization in the Soviet Union, 1982. Kaplan, The Party and Agricultural Crisis Management in the USSR, 1987.    Kelly,  Environmental Policymaking in the USSR:  The Role of        Industrial and Environmental Interest Groups, Soviet Studies, XXVIII, 4, October 1976. Kolkowicz, The Soviet Military and the Communist Party, 1967 or    1985. Lepingwell, Soviet Civil-Military Relations and the August Coup, World Politics, 44, 4, July 1992. Nelson, Communism and the Politics of Inequality, 1983. Parrott, Politics and Technology in the Soviet Union, 1983. Richman, Soviet Management, 1965. Ryavec, Implementation of Soviet Economic Reforms, 1975. Schwartz and Keech, Group Influence and the Policy Process in        the Soviet Union, American Political Science Review, LXII, 3, September 1968.    Silver,  Social Mobilization and the Russification of Soviet Nations, American Political Science Review, 68, 1, 1974. Solomon, Soviet Criminologists and Criminal Policy, 1979. Spielmann, Defense Industrialists in the USSR,  Problems of        Communism, XXV, 5, September-October 1976. Stewart, Special Interests and the Policy Process:  The Repeal of Production Education, World Politics, 22, 1, October 1969. VII. Center-Periphery Relations (Week Seven) Required: Bahry, Donna, Outside Moscow: Power, Politics, and Budgetary Policy in the Soviet Republics, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1987. Moses, Joel C., Regionalism in Soviet Politics:  Continuity as a        Source of Change, 1953-1982,  Soviet Studies, 37, 2, April 1985, pp. 184-211. Moses, Joel C., Soviet Provincial Politics in an Era of        Transition and Revolution, 1989-91,  Soviet Studies, 44, 3, 1992, pp. 479-509. Hughes, James, Regionalism in Russia:  The Rise and Fall of     Siberian Agreement, Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 7, 1994, pp. 1133-61. Kirkow, Peter, Regional Warlordism in Russia:  The Case of     Primorskii Krai, Europe-Asia Studies, 47, 6, September 1995, pp. 923-47. Suggested: Bremmer and Taras, eds., Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States, 1993. Breslauer, Provincial Party Leaders' Demand Articulation and the Nature of Center-Periphery Relations in the USSR, Slavic Review, 45, 4, 1986, pp. 650-72. Cappelli, Changing Leadership Perspectives on Centre-Periphery Relations, in David Lane, ed., Elites and Political Power in        the USSR, 1988, pp. 245-266. Cattell, Leningrad: A Case Study of Soviet Urban Government, 1968.    Dellenbrant, Soviet Regional Policy, 1980. Dellenbrant, The Soviet Regional Dilemma, 1986. Gleason, National Federalism in the USSR, 1988. Hill, Soviet Political Elites: The Case of Tiraspol, 1977. Jacobs, ed., Soviet Local Politics and Government, 1983. Kaplan, ed., Local Party Organizations in the USSR,  Studies in        Comparative Communism, 21, 1988, pp. 3-98. Karklins, Ethnic Relations in the USSR, 1986. Lapidus and Zaslavsky, From Union to Commonwealth: Nationalism and Separatism in the Soviet Republics, 1992. Lewytzkyj, Politics and Society in Soviet Ukraine, 1953-1980, 1984    Moses, Regional Party Leadership and Policy-Making in the USSR, 1974.    Reisinger and Willerton,  Troubleshooters, Political Machines, and Moscow's Control of the Locales, Slavic Review, 50, 2, Summer 1991. Roeder, Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Mobilization,  World Politics, 43, 2, January 1991. Ross, Local Government in the Soviet Union, 1987. Ruble, Leningrad: Shaping a Soviet City, 1990. Rywkin, Moscow's Muslim Challenge, 1982. Taubman, Governing Soviet Cities: Bureaucratic Politics and Urban Development in the USSR, 1973. Willerton, Reform, the Elite and Soviet Center-Periphery Relations, Soviet Union/Union Sovietique, 17, Nos. 1-2, 1990. VIII. Mobilization in the Traditional Soviet System (Week Eight) Required: Millar, James R., ed., Politics, Work, and Daily Life in the USSR, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, passim. Hough, Jerry F., How the Soviet Union Is Governed, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979, Ch. 8.    DiFrancisco, Wayne and Zvi Gitelman,  Soviet Political Culture and `Covert Participation' in Policy Implementation, American Political Science Review, 78, 3, September 1984, pp. 603-621. Bahry, Donna and Brian D. Silver, Intimidation and the Symbolic Uses of Terror in the USSR, American Political Science Review, 81, 4, December 1987, pp. 1065-1098. Roeder, Philip G., Electoral Avoidance in the Soviet Union, Soviet Studies, XLI, 3, July 1989, pp. 462-483. Suggested: Adams, Citizens' Inspectors in the Soviet Union, 1978. Bahry and Silver, Public Perceptions and the Dilemmas of Party Reform in the USSR, Comparative Political Studies, 23, 2, July 1990. Bahry and Silver, Soviet Citizen Participation on the Eve of        Democratization,  American Political Science Review, 84, 3, September 1990, pp. 821-47. Connor and Gitelman, Public Opinion in European Socialist Systems, 1977. Friedgut, Citizens and Soviets: Can Ivan Ivanovich Fight City Hall?, Comparative Politics, 10, 1978. Friedgut, Political Participation in the Soviet Union, 1979. Inkeles, Social Change in Soviet Russia, 1968. Inkeles and Bauer, The Soviet Citizen, 1959. Karklins, Soviet Elections Revisited:  Voter Abstention in        Noncompetitive Balloting,  APSR, 80, 2, June 1986. Lampert, Whistleblowing in the Soviet Union, 1985. Roeder, Modernization and Participation in the Leninist Developmental Strategy, American Political Science Review, 83, 3, September 1989, pp. 859-884. Sharlet, Concept Formulation in Political Science and Communist Studies: Conceptualizing Participation, Canadian Slavic Studies, 1, 4, 1967. Shlapentokh, Public and Private Life of the Soviet People: Changing, Values in Post-Stalin Russia, 1989. Zaslowsky and Brym, The Function of Elections in the USSR, Soviet Studies, 30, 3, 1978. IX. Reform and the Gorbachev Era (Week Nine) Required: Gill, Graeme, The collapse of a single-party system: The disintegration of       the CPSU, Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press, 1994, passim. Robinson, Neil, Gorbachev and the Place of the Party in Soviet Reform, 1985-91, Soviet Studies, 44, 3, 1992, pp. 423-43. Surovell, Jeffrey, Gorbachev's Last Year:  Leftist or Rightist, Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 3, 1994, pp. 465-87. Lane, David, and Cameron Ross, The Social Background and Political Allegiance of the Political Elite of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: The Terminal Stage, 1984 to 1991, Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 3, 1994, pp. 437-63. Young, Christopher, The Strategy of Political Liberalization: A        Comparative View of Gorbachev's Reforms,  World Politics, 45, 1, October 1992, pp. 47-65. Karklins, Rasma, Explaining Regime Change in the Soviet Union, Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 1, 1994, pp. 29-45. Suggested: Breslauer, Evaluating Gorbachev as Leaders,  Soviet Economy, 5, 4, 1989, pp. 299-340. Breslauer, Gorbachev: Diverse Perspectives,  Soviet Economy, 7, 2, 1991, pp. 110-20. Cohen, Soviet Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy,  in Robbin F. Laird and Erik P. Hoffmann, eds., Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World, 1986, pp. 66-83. Cohen and vanden Heuvel, Voices of Glasnost', 1989. Dallin and Lapidus, The Soviet System in Crisis: A Reader of        Western and Soviet Views, 1991. Finifter, Ada W., and Ellen Mickiewicz, Redefining the Political System of the USSR: Mass Support for Political Change, American Political Science Review, 86, 4, December 1992. Goldman, What Went Wrong with Perestroika, 1991 and 1992. Hahn, Soviet Grassroots, 1988. Hewett and Winston, eds., Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: The Economy, 1991. Hewett and Winston, eds., Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and People, 1991. Hough, Understanding Gorbachev: The Importance of Politics, Soviet Economy, 7, 2, 1991, pp. 166-84. Hutchings, ed., `Leadership Drift' in the Communist Systems of        the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,  Studies in Comparative Communism, XXII, 1, Spring 1989, pp. 5-55. Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon, 1988. Odom, How Far Can Soviet Reform Go?,  Problems of Communism, XXXVI, 6, November-December 1987, pp. 18-33 Pipes, Can the Soviet Union Reform?,  Foreign Affairs, 63, 1, Fall 1984, pp. 47-61. Sakwa, Gorbachev and His Reforms, 1985-1990, 1990. Tarasulo, ed., Gorbachev and Glasnost': Viewpoints from the Soviet, 1989. Weickhardt, Gorbachev's Record on Economic Reform,  Soviet Union/Union Sovietique, 12, 3, 1985, pp. 251-76. White, Rethinking the CPSU,  Soviet Studies, 43, 3, 1991, pp. 405-28.    White, Gorbachev and After, various editions. X. Post-Soviet Transitions: Institutions, Elections, Elites, and Policies (Week     Ten) Required: Sakwa, Richard, The Russian Elections of December 1993,  Europe- Asia Studies, 47, 2, March 1995, pp. 195-227. Wyman, Matthew, Stephen White, Bill Miller, and Paul Heywood, Public Opinion, Parties and Voters in the December 1993 Russian Election, Europe-Asia Studies, 47, 4, June 1995, pp. 591-614. Slider, Darrell, Vladimir Gimpel'son, and Sergei Chugrov, Political Tendencies in Russia's Regions, Slavic Review, 53, 3, Fall 1994, pp. 711-32. White, Stephen, Matthew Wyman, and Olga Kryshtanovskaya, Parties and Politics in Post-communist Russia, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28, 2, June 1995, pp. 183-202. Urban, Michael, The Politics of Identity in Russia's     Postcommunist Transition: The Nation Against Itself,  Slavic Review, 53, 3, Fall 1994, pp. 733-65. Willerton, John P., and Aleksei A. Shulus, Constructing and New Political Process: The Hegemonic Presidency and the Legislature,  The John Marshall Law Review, 28, 4, Summer 1995, pp. 787-825. Schmitter, Philippe C., with Terry Lynn Karl, The Conceptual Travels of       Transitologists and Consolidationists:  How Far to the East Should They Attempt to Go, Slavic Review, 53, 1, Spring 1994, pp. 173-85. Bunce, Valerie, Should Transitologists Be Grounded?,  Slavic Review, 54, 1, Spring 1995, pp. 111-27. Suggested: Bova, Russell, Political Dynamics of the Post-Communist Transition: A Comparative Perspective, World Politics, 44, 1, October 1991. Breslauer, Five Images of the Soviet Future: A Critical Review & Synthesis, Institute of International Studies, University of       California, Berkeley, 1978. Cohen, Rethinking the Soviet Experience, 1985, especially Ch. 5.    Colton and Tucker, eds., Patterns in Post-Soviet Leadership, 1995.    Janos, Andrew C.,  Social Science, Communism, and the Dynamics of        Political Change,  World Politics, 44, 1, October 1991. Lane, ed., Russia in Transition: Politics, privatisation and inequality, 1995.    Remington, Parliaments in Transition:  The New Legislative Politics in the Former USSR and Eastern Europe, 1994. Saikal and Maley, eds., Russia in search of its Future, 1995. Smith, ed., The nationalities question in the post-Soviet states, Second Edition, 1996. White, After Gorbachev, 1993. White, Gill, and Slider, The politics of transition: shaping a     post-Soviet future, 1993. White, McAllister, and Kryshtanovskaya, E'ltsin and his Voters: Popular Support in the 1991 Russia Presidential Elections and After, Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 2, 1994. White, Pravda, and Gitelman, eds., Developments in Russian and Post-Soviet Politics, 1994. XI. Participation in Late and Post-Soviet Russia (Week Eleven) Required: Miller, Arthur H., William M. Reisinger, and Vicki Hesli, eds., Public Opinion and Regime Change, Boulder: Westview Press, 1993, passim. Zimmerman, William, Synoptic Thinking and Political Culture in     Post-Soviet Russia, Slavic Studies, 54, 3, Fall 1995, pp. 630-41. Wegren, Stephen K., Rural Reform and Political Culture in     Russia,  Europe- Asia Studies, 46, 2, 1994, pp. 215-41. Reisinger, William M., Arthur H. Miller, and Vicki L. Hesli, Political Norms in Rural Russia: Evidence from Public Attitudes,  Europe-Asia Studies, 47, 6, September 1995, pp. 1025-42. Lotspeich, Richard, Crime in the Transition Economies,  Europe- Asia Studies, 47, 4, June 1995, pp. 555-89. Gibson, James L., Understandings of Anti-Semitism in Russia:  An     Analysis of        the Politics of Anti-Jewish Attitudes,  Slavic Studies, 53, 3, Fall 1994, pp. 796-806. Hesli, Vicki L., Arthur H. Miller, William M. Reisinger, and Kevin L. Morgan, Social Distance from Jews in Russia and Ukraine, Slavic Studies, 53, 3, Fall 1994, pp. 807-28. Suggested: Willerton, John P., and Lee Sigelman, Public Opinion Research in        the USSR: Opportunities and Pitfalls,  The Journal of        Communist Studies, 7, 2, June 1991. XII. Soviet Foreign and National Security Policy (Week Twelve) Required: Zimmerman, William, What Do Scholars Know About Soviet Foreign Policy?, International Journal, 27, 2, Spring 1982, pp. 198-219. (Also in Robbin F. Laird and Erik P. Hoffmann, eds.,        Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World, N.Y.:  Aldine        Publishing Co., 1986, pp. 84-98.) Hermann, Richard K., Soviet Behavior in Regional Conflicts:  Old Questions, New Strategies, and Important Lessons, World Politics, 44, 3, April 1992, pp. 432-65. Breslauer, George W., and Philip E. Tetlock, eds., Learning in       U.S. and Soviet Foreign Policy, Boulder:  Westview, 1991, Chapters 1-4, and 12-21. Suggested: Adomeit, Soviet Risk-Taking and Crisis Behavior, 1982. Aspaturian, ed., Process and Power in Soviet Foreign Policy, 1971.    Axelrod and Zimmerman,  The Soviet Press on Soviet Foreign Policy: A Usually Reliable Source,  British Journal of        Political Science, 11, 1981. Bialer, ed., The Domestic Context of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1981. Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc, revised ed., 1967. Evangelista, Innovation and the Arms Race, 1988. Gati, The Bloc that Failed: Soviet-East European Relations in        Transition, 1990. Gelman, The Brezhnev Politburo and the Decline of Detente, 1984. Hough, The Struggle for the Third World, 1986. Lynn-Jones, Miller, and Van Evera, eds., Soviet Military Policy, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1989. MccGwire, Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy, 1987. Schwartz, Soviet Perceptions of the United States, 1978. Shulman, Stalin's Foreign Policy Reappraised, 1965. Snyder, Jack, Richness, Rigor, and Relevance in the Study of        Soviet Foreign Policy,  International Security, 9, 3, Winter 1984/85.    Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, 2nd  ed., 1974. Valenta and Potter, eds., Soviet Decisionmaking for National Security, 1984. Zimmerman, Soviet Perspectives on International Relations, 1956-1967, 1969. XIII. Post-Soviet Russian Foreign and National Security Policy (Week Thirteen) Required: Shearman, Peter, ed., Russian Foreign Policy Since 1990, Boulder: Westview Press, 1995, passim. Welsh, Helga, and John P. Willerton, Regional Cooperation and the CIS: West European Lessons and Post-Soviet Experience, unpublished manuscript, 1995. Burant, Stephen R. Burant, Foreign Policy and National Identity: A       Comparison of Ukraine and Belarus,  Europe-Asia Studies, 47, 7, November 1995, pp. 1125-44. Suggested: Galeotti, The Age of Anxiety: Security and Politics in Post- Soviet Russia, 1995. XIV. Reflections on a Field in Transition (Weeks Fourteen and     Fifteen) Required: Odom, William E., Soviet Politics and After:  Old and New Concepts, World Politics, 45, 1, October 1992, pp. 66-98. Chandler, Andrea, The Interaction of Post-Sovietology and Comparative Politics: Seizing the Moment,  Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 27, 1, March 1994, pp. 3-17. Smith, Steve, Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of       Communism,  Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 4, 1994, pp. 563-78. Suggested: Brzezinski, The Grand Failure, 1989. Colton and Legvold, eds., After the Soviet Union: From Empire to        Nations, 1992. Comisso, Ellen, Crisis in Socialism or Crisis of Socialism?, World Politics, 42, 4, July 1990. Gooding, John, Lenin in Soviet Politics, 1985-91,  Soviet Studies, 44, 3, 1992. Keren, Michael and Gur Ofer, eds., Trials of Transition: Economic Reform in the Former Communist Bloc, 1992. Poznanski, Kazimierz Z., ed., Constructing Capitalism: The Reemergence of Civil Society and Liberal Economy in the Post- Communist World, 1992. Rozman, Gilbert, ed., Dismantling Communism: Common Causes and Regional Variations, 1992. Willerton, John P. and Matthew Evangelista, New Politics in the Soviet Union, review essay, American Political Science Review, 85, 4, December 1991, pp. 1427-36.